New Generation Composite Nanofiber

New Generation Composite Nanofiber
  • 25.01.2022
New Generation Composite Nanofiber Skin Mask Production and Characterization Article Series: 1

Abstract

As in every field, there is a great variety in the field of cosmetics to increase quality and to meet the demands of customers who prefer personal care products. Among many cosmetic products, the addition of nanomaterials has provided better quality and is widely used in sunscreen creams, anti-aging creams, hair products, face masks and lipsticks. The cosmetic application of electrospun nanofibers is a new area with great emphasis on the development of face masks or membranes capable of revealing skin care products [1-3]. In this study, new generation skin masks that can moisturize the skin and contribute to cell regeneration, electrospinning technique, black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) (DO), aloe vera (AV), black rice (Oryza sativa) (SP) added polyvinyl alcohol (It was obtained from PVA) composites. In addition to morphological (SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy), biological (cell culture) and mechanical (attraction) characterization studies of these produced nanocomposites, dermatological testing (invivo PATCH test) (for sensitive and normal skin) and toxicology tests were carried out. When the results of the study are evaluated, it will be able to show the feature of a face mask, which is anti-wrinkle, anti-aging, calming, anti-inflammatory cosmetic products that improve the skin, prevent skin  aging and help fight free radicals.

1. Introduction

Due to the current problem of today’s corona virus (Covid-19), the whole society, especially healthcare professionals, use face masks. However, as a result of longterm use of masks, since the skin tissue cannot breathe, it causes irritation of the skin on the face, rashes up to eczema, acne and wounds. Due to the number of cases in the pandemic, in a situation where there are closures, the society could not perform masks and similar personal care activities, since the cosmetic salons were closed, and thus, lubrication on the skin, dead cell formation, wrinkles, etc. problems have also occurred. In addition to the pandemic, in traditional cosmetic applications, creams, skin masks, sprays, laser therapy, injection and feeding from the skin, etc. as personal care products. products and methods are used today, these create high costs and additional processes depending on the condition of the skin. For this reason, facial paralysis, temporary numbness, permanent deformation and additional diseases are caused by the use of chemicals. After our literature research, studies on composite face masks produced with nanotechnological electro-spinning technique have been increasing in recent years. The use of the produced electrospun composite nanofibers in cosmetic applications is in the form of face masks, under-eye patches and acne patch materials that can reveal skin care products [1-5]. Thanks to nanofibers, active substances such as vitamins can be transported to the skin in a controlled manner. Thanks to the small fiber diameters, the bioactive agents that allow deep penetration into the skin are spread to the depths of the pores. Nanofibers with large surface area can show high contact properties. Nanofibers are of great importance in cosmetic applications. It can absorb a large amount of liquid with its improved properties such as small pore size and high porosity. Nanotechnology provides improvements in the qualities of cosmetic products. There is an increasing demand for the use of nanomaterials such as nanoemulsions, nanopigments, nanoliposomes, nanoparticles and nanofibers in cosmetic applications [6-9]. The skin consists of two important layers, the epidermis and the dermis, which are located on the oily layer called the hypodermis (sucutaneous tissue). The epidermis and dermis are also composed of lower layers. The area that connects the epidermis to the dermis is called the dermal-epidermal junction. It is responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between the vascular dermis and the avascular epidermis. The largest human organ, the skin, covers an area equivalent to 2 square meters and can weigh up to 10 kg. While maintaining internal homeostasis, it also acts as a protective barrier against the external environment. Skin care products that give the skin the care it needs and that we can apply to the skin and leave it for 10-15 minutes are called skin masks. Face masks can meet the need for intense moisture, purify the skin, remove dirt and oil, fight blackheads and remove dead skin [2]. From past to present, plants and seeds have been used as a source of healing apart from being food. It is known that plants and their seeds used as a source of healing are used by trial, coincidence and advice [3]. Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) (DO) is a species of the Ranunculaceae family that has been used in the treatment of many diseases since ancient times; It is a small shrub and a flowering plant belonging to the buttercup family. There are many benefits of consuming DO on a regular basis. These; If DO is consumed regularly today, it is good for skin cracking by moisturizing the dried skin. It is used because it has positive effects against acne and acne formations. It provides healing of problems such as psoriasis and is widely used against eczema and skin disorders. DO consumption brightens the skin and makes the skin look more beautiful and tighter. DO consumption is also widely used against sunburn or sunspots [4]. Aloe Vera (AV) plant is a plant species belonging to the “aloaceae” family. This plant, which was thought to be in the “liliaceae” family in the old classification, has begun to be used widely due to its medicinal properties such as medicinal value plants such as garlic, onions and asparagus in the lilium family. The plant looks like a cactus with its external appearance. In the aloe family, there are about 350 species with medicinal value, four of which are AV. “Aloearborescens”, “Tree Aloe”, “Aloe fero”, “Prickly aloe”, “Aloe saponaria”, “Spotted aloe” and “Aloe perryi” and “Curaçao islet aloe” are other medicinal values [5]. Thanks to the high amount of potassium it contains, it has a healing effect on all wounds and irritations. It is also known to be good for sunburns. Due to its high water and mineral content, it destroys the worn and pale appearance of the skin. It also shows excellent results in anti-wrinkle care with its collagen (COL) content. Due to its natural antioxidant and antibacterial properties, it helps to soothe and dry acne. With regular use, it eliminates problems such as skin tone unevenness and redness. It also has skin lightening properties when used with lemon. Thanks to its sebum balancing feature, it is effective against the problem of shine, which is the biggest problem of oily skin. In addition, AV, which is a natural and powerful moisturizer, is an indispensable source of moisture for dry skin [6]. Rice is consumed as a staple food in Asian countries. In addition to the most consumed white rice, there are also red and black varieties. Due to the antioxidant properties of colored rice products, their use in various food production has been supported. Black rice (SP) is obtained from 3-glycoside, which is rich natural anthocyanin compounds. SP has many nutritional advantages over other rice colors. SP is richer in protein, vitamins and minerals compared to white. Because it contains more magnesium than SP white, it also plays a critical role in the energy production of cells, increases the body’s energy level, and strengthens the immune and nervous system. Another difference of SP from white rice is its high antioxidant value. Antioxidants strengthen the body’s immune system and reduce the effects of aging. The above substances, which have a wide range of uses in recent years, are also suitable for local use such as moisturizing the skin in the cosmetic sector and cause great developments in the medicine and medical sector [7,8]. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), a biocompatible and watersoluble hydroxy polymer, has very good chemical resistance, flexibility, mechanical strength and biodegradability. It can form a very good fibrous material with very good physical and mechanical properties, chemical stability at room temperature, alone or mixed with other polymers [9-11]. Electrospinning technique is the process of transforming the fluid into nano-sized fibers by applying a kilovolt tension to the viscous fluids at very small flow rates. In these applications, polymer solution or melt is used as a viscous liquid. The solution coming to the tip of the medical syringe at a uniform flow rate forms a spherical droplet under the influence of surface tensions and is transferred to the grounded collector at a certain distance as nanofibers by conicalizing (taylor cone) under the influence of electrical forces [12]. Composite materials are polyphase structures formed by two or more materials protecting their own boundaries. Matrix and reinforcement element are essential in composite materials. Matrix and taupe material may differ according to the area where it will be used as metal, ceramic or polymer. In nanotechnological electrospinning technique, nanofiber membranes are obtained from polymer solutions by electric field. Composite nanofiber membranes can be produced with polymer matrix and reinforced ceramic, polymer or metal materials [11-14]. Production and distribution of cosmetic products are not subject to strict rules like pharmaceuticals. Nevertheless; New formulations and new active substances in cosmetic products should be dermatologically tested to evaluate their efficacy and safety. Cosmetic manufacturers generally prefer independent laboratories for this type of analysis. Dermatological testing in Turkey is carried out according to the “Guideline on the Evaluation of Human Skin Compatibility of Cosmetic Products or Raw Materials” published by the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency. FDA; states that almost all cosmetics can cause allergic reactions in sensitive people. According to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), fragrance is the number one cause of cosmetic allergic reactions. In addition, the AAD states that there are over 5000 essential fragrances used in various cosmetic products, including perfume, cologne, skin care products, soaps, shampoos, lipsticks, sunscreens, lotions, and preservatives can be another trigger for allergic reactions in cosmetic products. The most common adverse effect seen in cosmetic products is contact dermatitis. The most prominent features of contact dermatitis are symptoms such as redness, scaling, itching, tingling and swelling. Cosmetic products cause 2 types of dermatitis.

Allergic Contact Dermatitis

It occurs only in some people and is an immune system reaction.

Irritant Contact Dermatitis

It can occur in anyone, depending on exposure, and is more common than allergic contact dermatitis. In current applications, injection into the skin with a syringe is performed, which sometimes causes side effects. It poses similar problems such as paralysis, numbness on the skin, and permanent scar formations. The chemicals used adversely affect human health, inadequate skin care and the use of carcinogenic substances. Many anti-aging materials and drugs are smoked, both applied and coated. In addition to these, the fact that the existing skin masks are expensive reveals why this project is important. Due to the pandemic, the whole society, especially health workers, uses mask and protective equipment. The dyes in the fabrics can cause skin irritation. However, the most important side effect is the development of an allergic reaction. The allergic reaction may become more severe as it manifests itself in the form of tiny blisters and severe itching on a red, edematous surface that starts from the contact area but can spread to the surrounding area. Among the problems mentioned above, materials and production methods that will not cause allergic reactions and skin irritation should be preferred. The nanotechnological electrospinning system is capable of eliminating these problems [15-20]. In this study, PVAAV-DO-SP nanocomposite materials were produced by electrospinning method. The nanocomposites produced are thought to be used as an ideal skin mask in cosmetic applications.

References

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